When people hear the words “domestic abuse,” many immediately think of physical violence. But abuse is often more complex — and more subtle — than visible bruises.

Understanding the different forms of domestic abuse is an important step toward recognising unhealthy patterns and seeking support.

Abuse Can Take Many Forms

Domestic abuse can include:

Emotional or psychological abuse
Constant criticism, manipulation, humiliation, or controlling behaviour.

Financial control
Restricting access to money, preventing someone from working, or controlling all household spending.

Isolation
Limiting contact with friends, family, or community support systems.

Coercive control
A pattern of behaviour designed to make someone dependent by isolating them, regulating their daily life, and stripping away independence.

Physical abuse is serious and visible. But non-physical abuse can be just as damaging — and often harder to recognise.

Why It Can Be Difficult to Speak Up

For many individuals, especially within minority communities, there may be additional barriers:

• Cultural stigma

• Fear of judgement

• Immigration concerns

• Economic dependency

• Concern for children

• Lack of trusted support systems

These pressures can make it feel easier to endure a situation than to seek help.

Signs That Something May Not Be Healthy

It can help to ask:

• Do I feel constantly anxious around my partner?

• Am I afraid to express my opinion?

• Is my access to money controlled?

• Have I become isolated from friends or family?

• Do I feel like I am “walking on eggshells”?

If the answer to several of these is yes, it may be worth speaking to someone you trust.

You Are Not Alone

Support exists. There are organisations that provide confidential advice, practical assistance, and safe spaces to talk.

Understanding the signs is the first step. Reaching out is the next.

No one deserves to live in fear.